Car Battery

What is battery?
It is a two or more electrochemical cells which store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy.

Size of Battery

• 1Sn
• 2sn
• 3sn

Battery fluid levels

Old battery uses lead antinomy would require regular check up of battery water loss due to electrolysis on each charging cycle.

If the electrolyte liquid level drops too low the plates are exposed to air, capacity and were are damaged. the surf uric acid in the battery normally does not require replacement since it is not consumed even on overcharging.

Charge and Discharge
Alternator the one who gives the power to the vehicles and recharge the battery.
Changing Battery in most moderate procediure grounding is provided by conneting the bofy of the ears tp the negative electrode of the battery

corrosion

At the battery terminals can prevent a car from starting. regulate battery service can prevent a car from the corrosion and clean the contact with brush or water." Be care full in cleaning air cleaner White powder is usually lead sulfate witch is toxic by inhalation ingestion and skin contact it can be corrosive in eye and throat "

Car Shocks Absorber

What is Shock Absorber?
Is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or dampen shocks impulse and energy, that must absorb or dissipate energy.

A pneumatic and hydraulic shocks absorbers commonly take the form of a cylinder with a sliding piston inside. the cylinder is filled with fluids it can be hydraulic fluid or air.

Dashpot is a fluid filled piston or cylinder.

What is the purpose of Shock Absorber?

• It reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to smooth ride and quality comfortability. without shocks the vehicle would have bounce. As the energy is stored in the spring and then the released to the to the shocks, possible exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement.
  

• A suspension with excessive movement with out shock absorber must have higher rate of springs which in turning give a harsh ride.

• A Shock Absorber allows the use of soft (Lower Rate spring) while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to dumps.

• Hysteresis in the tires itself, damp the motion of the unsprung weight up and down on the springiness of the tire, Since the tire are not as soft as the spring wheel bounce damping mat required stiffer shocks.

• Spring based Shock Absorber commonly use coil spring or leaf spring, though torsion bars can be used in torsional shocks as well.

Types of Shocks Absorber Approach?

• Hysteresis
• Dry friction
• Solid state
• Fluid friction
• Compression of Gas
  
• Magnetic effects
• Composite hydro pneumatic
  
• Conventional shocks
  

Hysteresis
Is like memory of the material if you press down rubber disk they will return to thier normal uncompressed states

Dry Friction
It is used in wheel breaks by using the disk

Solid states
Tapered chain shock absorber using one or more tapered alignment of granular spheres

Fluid friction
Used in hydraulics principles, an advantage of this shocks is that using special internal valving the absorber may be made relatively soft to compression allowing to soft response to a dump and relatively stiff to extension, controlling. Which is the vehicle response to energy stored in the spring.

Compression of Gas
A shock absorber which cab act like springs as the air pressure is building to resist the force on it. When air pressure reach maximum air the air dashpots will act like an hydraulic dashpots.

Magnetic effects
Dampers are dashpots that are constructed out of a large magnet inside of non magnetic, electrically conductive tube.

Composite hydro pneumatic
A combine in a single device spring action, shocks absorbs and often also ride height control.

Conventional shocks
Combined with composite pneumatic spring with which allow ride height adjustment or even ride height control, it improves handling and reduce aerodynamic drag by lowering the vehicle.


Types of Shocks

• GAS Shocks
• Liquid Shocks

Car Spring

What is coil Spring?
Also known as a helical spring, A mechanical device which typically used to store energy and subsequently release it then absorb by the shock and maintain the force between the contacting surface.

What are they made off?
They are made of an elastic material formed into a shape of helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded.

More Knowledge About Coil Spring

• Coil Spring are the foundation of car suspension system.
• Old Coil Spring Sags, and reduce height and ride comfort.
• Coil Spring can change handling characteristic of the car.
• It can give more grip and flatter cornering.

There types of Spring

• Compression Spring
• Leaf Spring

Compression spring
You can identify it in front and rear of the car where the shocks are located.

Leaf Spring
You can identify it at the Rear part of the Trucs, SUV, AUV, and Pick-Ups.

Tires Size

What is Tires?
Are a ring shape parts either pneumatic or solid it includes rubbers metals and plastic composites that fit around the wheels or rims to protect them and enhance their effect.

What is Pneumatic Tires?
It is used in many types of vehicle, it enables the vehicles of the tire for performance by providing traction, braking, steering, and load support. The tires form a flexible cushion between the vehicle and the road which smooths the drive and comfortable ride.

Tires Sizes depends on:

• Tread
• Profile
• Diameter

Tread
It refers to the rubber on its circumference that makes contact with the road. The purpose of providing traction or handling to the car.

Profile
It refers to the outermost shape, view, or edge of the tires.

Diameter
Is a straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and the endpoints are on the circle. Also the longest chords of the circle.

Tire Size Example

185/65/14
It means 185 its the width of the the tread its value starts at 145-335 / 65 means the profile it can be High, Medium, and Low profiles its value starts at 25-85 / diameter its the size of the Rims or mags its value starts at 12-23 inch

ALL VALUES ARE SEPARATED BY 5

Types of Tire Grip

• AT "All Terrain" Tires
• MT "Max Terrain" Tires
• Slick Tires

AT
For all around use, with moderate tread used in everyday driving in rain and shine environment

MT
For off roads, who have big teeth or bigger tread.

Slick
Used in Formula racing or motor sport, No tread at all or pure rubber for better and high performance traction to the road.

Air Filters

What is Air Filter?
It is a device to which Filters solid particles like dust, pollen, mold and bacteria from air. it is a device which been used in engines and in other machine that need to produce clean air.

What is the purpose of Air Filter in our Cars?
Gasoline Engine needs air to burn fuel and Diesel Engine need air to compress air to produce heat.

Cabin Air filter
A typical pleated paper filter that is placed in the outside air intake of the cars. Clogged or dirty air filters can significantly reduce air flow from the cabin vents as well as introduce allergens into the cabin air system.


Internal Combustion Air filters
A filter which prevents abrasive particle matter from entering the engine's cylinders, where it would cause mechanical wear and oil contamination.

For Fuel injected vehicle:A pleated paper filter element in the form of a flat panel which is placed inside the plastic box connected to the throttle body with an intake tube.

For Carburetors
Used an cylindrical or round air filters. This is position in top of the carburetors and usually it is made of metal or plastic container.

Types of Air filter materials

Paper
Paper filter elements are nearly exclusive choice for engine air filters, because they are efficient, easy to change and cost effective.

Foam
Oil based polyurethane foam elements are used in some after market air filters. Foam was widely used filter in small engines and other equipment. Foam filter can offer minimal airflow restriction and very high in dirt capacity, but a popular choice for motor sport and off road rally where high level dust will encounter.

Cotton
Oil cotton gauze are small number of after market air filters as high performance items.

Oil bath
It is a round base bowl containing a pool of oil and round insert which is filled of fiber, mesh, foam and another coarse filter media. oil bath air filters are very used in small engines application. but the maintenance of the air filter is messy due to oil and dirt.

Muffler

What is muffler?
Is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by the machine.

There two kinds of mufflers

• Chambered mufflers
• Straight thru mufflers

What is the part of Mufflers in the car?
Headers
A switching Exhaust manifold to exhaust headers that will decrease the amount of back pressure and in turn it increase the high end power of an engine. the pipe will merge and collect the flow into a larger pipe or called down pipe. Exhaust headers can be tuned and modified to perform best at specific RPM ranges. Stock Exhaust manifold usually made of cast iron na d can be restrictive. Headers can be Ceramic coated to reduce Heat radiated in the engine compartment and to increase the temperature of the pipes which increase the velocity of the exhaust gases.


Four kinds of Headers

• 4-2-1 headers it means 4 pipes merge into 2 and merge into 1

• 4-1 headers it means 4 pipes merge directly into 1

• Short headers means each exhaust pipe travels the shortest distance from the exhaust port to muffler.

• Equal length headers means exhaust pipe is in the same length from exhaust port to muffler

Catalytic converters
It is to reduce the emission of the exhaust and it create back pressure. modern cars have 1-3 psi of back pressure installing an high flow catalytic converter can replace the standard units to lower the back pressure


Glass packs or fiberglass
Used inside the muffler to have good sound insulation. This kind of mufflers decrease back pressure and decibel level maintained.

Silencers
A series of concentric pipes around the exhaust pipe. the concentric pipes allow sounds to travel into then and cause the sound waves to bounce off closed, flat, ends of the pipe. the sound waves collide after it bounce the reason for the sound to be canceled

Resonators
Are section of the exhaust pipe that expand to the larger diameter and allow the sound waves to reflect the walls and canceled out

Exhaust pipe
Is there all the pressure will go out. this the muffler you see at the back of a car

Performance
Free flowing exhaust system may maximize Horsepower which need toe straight thru, putting free flowing exhaust can affect at low end torque "but cared design from force induction engines are not affected to this low end torque".

Strut bar

There are two kind of strut bar it can be

• 2 point
  
• 3 point
• 4 point
  

It also have two different location.

• Front
  
• Rear

But most of the car have their Strut Bar in Front only few have Strut Bar at the Rear like the Honda EK9

Strut Bar or Strut brace is design to reduce this Strut Tower flex by tying two parallel Strut Towers together. This transmits the load of each Strut Tower during cornering via tension and compression of the Strut Bar which share the load of both towers and reduce chassis flex.

Strut Tower where the spring and shock are located at the side of the engine bay

Also this kind of accessories have different kind of labels and tag but over all they are just the same in use and performance.

Choosing a rim for your car

What is Rim?
A circular metal structure around which a wheel tire is fitted.

What is Alloy Rim?
So called mags. It is a homogeneous mixture or solid solution of two or more metals , the atoms of one replacing or occupying positions between atoms of the other.

How to choose the right size?
Well choosing a size is depend on you, how you like size either small or big. Mags Size variants it have 13 inch, 14 inch, 15 inch, 16 inch, 17 inch, 18 inch, 19 inch, and 20 inch of diameter 13 is the smallest and 20 is the biggest diameter. Well it also have the width it have an variants of 5inch, 5.5inch, 6 inch, 6.5 inch, 7 inch, and 7.5 inch.

What is offset?
This is the distance of the hub and the center of the rims or mags.
If the offset is:

• Zero the hub mounting is in the centerline of the wheel.
• Positive this is the new design for new car, the hub is toward the front or wheel side of the wheel.
• Negative the hub mounting is towards the back of the wheel.

What is Number of Stud?
Its the number of holes that can fit to your car common cars have 4 holes and 5 holes, other cars have 6 holes, 8 holes, and 10 holes.

What is PCD?
It is the distance of the holes in the hub of the rims or mags common in 4 holes have PCD 100 and 5 holes have PCD 110

Gasoline vs Diesel

What is the difference of this Two Engine?

• GASOLINE

1. It is built in Four stroke combustion cycle
2. Engine required spark to generate energy
3. Requires high octane gasoline
4. High speed performance
5. Have higher RPM
6. Have Low Torque High speed
   
7. Expensive worth of fuel
8. Low maintenance to engine
9. Lower rate of engine trouble
   
10. Cleaner engine
    
11. cheaper change oil
12. it is common to cars or light weight vehicle
13. can choose FR(forward rear) and FF(forward front) drive
14. engine runs silently
15. lower chance of fail on smoke emission test
16. high fuel consumption on traffic or stationary "it depends on the IDLE RPM"

• DIESEL

1. It is built in Four stroke combustion cycle
2. Engine required Air and Compression and inject into the chamber
3. Requires low octane Fuel like Diesel
4. Low speed performance
5. Not too high RPM
6. Have High Torque Low speed
7. less expensive worth of fuel
8. High maintenance to engine
9. higher rate of engine trouble
10. Dirty engine
    
11. change oil higher than gasoline engine
12. it is common to bus, trucks, semi tractors and large vehicles
    
13. FR(forward rear) only
14. engine runs loudly
15. high rate on failing smoke emission test when not maintain change oil properly
16. low fuel consumption on traffic or stationary "it depends on the IDLE RPM"

Tips on buying a car "second hand"

In choosing a car you must identify which you really like

1. Identify if you like gasoline engine or diesel engine.
2. After choosing which kind of engine you like. select brand of the car you like. "Example Honda"
3. After choosing a car brand choose what kind of model you really like. "Example Honda City"
4. After choosing a car model now you need to choose what kind of engine displacement you like "Example 1.3L engine"
5. After choosing engine displacement you will need to choose either its automatic or manual transmission
   
6. After choosing the transmission you will now check everything starting in engine, body, interior and accessories:
   

Check for:

• Leaks.
• Engine sound.
• Engine belts included timing belt.
• Dents.
• Body color of the car.
• Sound of the thin metal in the whole body.
• Front and back seats.
• Window "if tinted".
• Dashboard and control panel.
• Leaks or wet surface in front and rear shocks.
• Engine no. body no. if similar to the documents.
• Electronic such as "headlight, park light, signal light, hazard, alarm system, and sound system".
• Documents for deed of sale and other document for transfer.

7. After checking all the needed to be check in the car, now check your budget if the car you like will fit to your budget.

Tips on choosing a Car

In choosing a car you must identify which you really like

1. Identify if you like gasoline engine or diesel engine.
2. After choosing which kind of engine you like. select brand of the car you like. "Example Honda"
3. After choosing a car brand choose what kind of model you really like. "Example Honda City"
4. After choosing a car model now you need to choose what kind of engine displacement you like "Example 1.3L engine"
5. After choosing engine displacement you will need to choose either its automatic or manual transmission
   
6. After choosing the transmission you will now choose what kind of accessories you like in your car. "Example CD player, all power steering, window and locks, and alarm."
7. After choosing the accessories now you will choose which color you really like in your car
8. After choosing the color now they will now calculate how much is your preferred car really cost. "This steps is for brand new"
   

Common Private Transportation on the Philippines

Honda cars:

Due to financial crisis common people buy this kind of car because of its performance and fuel economy and the engine is smaller good for city driving. like Honda City they have variants of engine like 1.3L and 1.5L . and have I-DSi technologies according to Honda "Honda‘s intelligent Dual & Sequential Ignition (i-DSI) engine is the second i-Series engine, next to i-VTEC, that employs compact combustion chambers and two spark plugs per cylinder with individually controlled ignition timing for more rapid and complete combustion. Achieving best in its class high fuel economy, this new generation engine was developed exclusively for compact vehicles." . In Honda jazz they also have variants of engines like 1.3L and 1.5L and they are VTEC engines according to Honda "It was a laborious process, one bordering on the mythical, but more than a decade ago, Honda shattered the engine myth when it combined high power, high responsiveness and high fuel economy into one functional engine design. The world has come to know this engine genius as VTEC or Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control.".In civic they also have variety of engines but it slighter larger than the city and jazz, civic have engine variants 1.8L and 2.0L but the have a new VTEC technology to make the car efficient according to Honda the new VTEC tecnology is "With the new i-VTEC engine, intake valve closure timing is delayed to control the intake volume of the air-fuel mixture, allowing the throttle valve to remain wide open even under low-load conditions. This translates to a major reduction in pumping losses. Combined with comprehensive friction-reducing measures, this results in a significant increase in fuel efficiency for the engine. Even better, this new engine genius is lighter, shorter and quieter.". Well based on my experience with some of the drivers of Honda it really fuel efficient especially when you know how to conserve gas and drive style.



Toyota Cars:

Well Toyota cars really one of the oldest car company in the Philippines that's why parts and some accessories are cheaper than Honda and other brands. even its cheaper it still reliable. Nowadays Toyota cars evolve to more fuel efficient engine on cheaper price . they install the technology in all of the class of their cars like the VVT-i technologies according to Toyota "Engine technology is one of Toyota's greatest assets. Toyota's award-winning engine range reflects the high design and quality standards set by its engineers. All Toyota engines are developed for performance and responsiveness with a big focus on reducing emissions and saving fuel. So today Toyota can pass on these benefits to customers with the Advanced variable valve technology VVT-i and VVTL-i petrol engines". Toyota also said about VVT-i "By adjusting the overlap time between the exhaust valve closing and intake valve opening, the engine characteristics can be changed to provide instant engine torque across the entire rev range. This gives the best of both worlds: Powerful acceleration and superior fuel economy. In addition, more complete fuel burn at a higher combustion temperatures leads to fewer emissions." . and about to VVTL-i Toyota said "Toyota's VVTL-i technology (a sport-focussed development of the VVT-i engines) cleverly adjust the timing of the intake valves. whilst varying the amount of lift of both intake and exhaust valves, to allow increased engine performance at high revs. and despite its impresive power, the VVTL-i engines still offers refined and economical motoring.". Nowadays corolla altis have two variants of engines 1.6L and 1.8L, for the past years they offer 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6 on Corollas. Now 1.3 engines can be found on their new model Toyota Vios which have 1.3 and 1.5 engines and also they have new model design for 1.5 engines the Toyota Yaris. All of this model have new Toyota's technologies. As a driver of corolla i believe its really efficient on fuel especially new model like the Vios, yaris and altis.
Mazda cars:

well this old model of Mazda i don't know their technologies but one thing for sure that all 1.6 engine of Mazda are all EFI Electronic Fuel Injected. and all 1.3 and 1.4 engines are carburetors. This car is my last car of choice, because of the parts of Mazda in the Philippines.

Mitsubishi cars:

hmm..... well i like Mitsubishi but i don't know also their technology, but i know that Mitsubishi motors developed their cars from rally art. Even you will notice that their cars are similar to the LAN EVO "LANCER EVOLUTION" the difference is their engine displacement and some parts accessories of the cars but overall they are similar. like the Mazda all variants 1.3L and 1.5L engine are carburetors and all 1.6L engine and 1.8L engine are EFI. My brother in law is a user of old model of lancer el which is 1.3L and based on his experience his car still works and still fuel efficient.


Nissan cars:

one of the expensive maintenance car but the coolest air condition system. well Nissan have nice and good performance after all even it too expensive to maintain. It have variants engine of 1.3L 1.5L and 1.7L also it have the new technology of Nissan the variable valve timing and the 4 wheel breaking system we also called it ABS. Nissan said that "Variable Valve Timing
The Nissan Variable Valve Timing Control electronically measures throttle position, vehicle speed and engine rpm, and adjusts the exact moment the valves inhale. The result is optimal engine performance and economy whether you're looking for torque off the line or some high-end horsepower. And, the valve timing system makes these adjustments continuously, for more power and up-to-the-millisecond performance.". and also they said that "4-wheel Disc Brakes You'll find disc brakes at all four corners of a Sentra, with big, discs up front. They're vented to dissipate performance-robbing heat for improved stopping action, less fade and longer brake life.". well safety reliability it really depends on the driver don't be reckless you will be just fine.

Last Scooters and motorcycle:

This type of transportation really clicks in the Philippines.WHY? Traffic wise, fuel efficient, the technology nowadays are similar with the cars they are now four stroke with SOHC or DOHC the gas consumption depending on driving condition. even the maintenance of this is much cheaper because its smaller and less maintenance. even I have XRM my fuel efficency in normal run is 50km/L on stock basis on modified the 33km/L even you hit the accelerator Full throttle.

Top 10 Favorite CARS

1. Nissan Skyline GTR 34 class

2. Mitsubishi Lan Evo 7

3. Mitsubishi Lan Evo 9
4. Subaru Impreza STI

5. Porsche 911

6. Ferrari 550 maranello

7. Mazda rx-7

8. Toyota MR2

9. original Hummer


10.Mclaren F1