Jack

What is Jack?
It is used to lift the car or heavy equipment.

What are the Jack capacity?
It depends on the jack some jack can lift 2ton or higher and the length of the jack can reach depends on the manufacture and kinds.

What are the kinds of Jack?
Their are hydraulic floor type, hydraulic bottle type, air hydraulic type, air hydraulic bottle type and screw type Jack.

How to tell spark plug have leaks

How to see if the spark plug have leak?
You can notice that the park plug have a color of a rust instead of white ashes, then the outer part of the spark plug have burn dirt, slightly black ... Well most spark plug must be change during tune up and after 6months to 1 yr of used also you can even feel the running performance of the engine if it okay or no good.

Breaking habits

Some drivers have breaking habits like me i drive closely to the tail then break at the same time as the car in front break, some drivers use the break easily and more relax, but some step on the break really hard, some driver use break release break method or pumping break method.

Well i notice in manual transmission that when slow driving condition we often use the clutch before break and at high speed we used break before clutch. Did you notice about it? Did it run in your mind why we do that?

Well i notice with a low idle engine the break was more soft and low and if it in high idle the break also get slightly hard and high.

When we drive fast and use clutch before break you will notice that the break slide and feel like not responding or working that's why we use break before clutch on high speed.

The idle or the rpm also a basis of breaking it contribute on stepping on the break.

Diesel oil used in gasoline cars

Some racer in the Philippines used diesel oil for some few reasons.

They said that comparing diesel oil and gasoline oil in heated situation diesel oil have much more purpose than gasoline oil due to its thickness and friction wise, gasoline oil when in heated situation become too thick that just slide in the piston in diesel oil when used in heated situation become not too thick which give more protection than gasoline oil that just slide in the piston, well i cant afford to try it but i have friend they used diesel oil on 1st start its rough but after heated up it smooth.

Greasing

Greasing is needed on under chassis of the car like upper and lower ball joint, left, right and center link, without greasing the car will make some unwanted sounds and the life of the bearing will be shorten.

How to maintain it?

• 3 months or 6 months maintenance greasing.
• avoid deep flood water.
• the more flood the shorten life maintenance for greasing.

Break Stuck-up

How to know if your break stuck up?
while you drive you still can use your break, but you can feel it's too high then your speed can't accelerate more rather it more decreasing.

What to do?
Overhaul the break piston, often it occurs when not use, long years old model and always got wet.

What's the reason?
due to rust it eventually stuck-up the piston to release the break pad that's why it called stuck-up.

Cleaning the Headlight

How to clean the headlight?

• Remove wire connection to bulb
• Detach headlight assembly
• Get pail or deep basin
• Put water
  
• Put powder soap to the basin make it soapy
• Leave the head light assembly in the basin till it get dirty
• Shake assembly to remove dirt
• Re wash it with clean water
• Let it dry
• Attach assembly to the car
• Connect bulb and wire connection

Thats all you need to do for cleaning your headlight assembly.

Presure in Radiator

Do you believe that radiator can have pressure even it is not hot or unclosed radiator cap?
In the first time i know that it can't happen, but when i experience it well all i can say that what happened. I ask some mechanic about it they said old cars sometimes have these kind of problem the only solution is to remove the cylinder head and go to machine shop to resurface it and change the gasket of the cylinder head. If you know to do it you can do it your self than making high cost for the repair that even you can do it, with the proper tools and knowledge you can fix it by your self.

What is my Headlight

Well i am currently using Super white 90/100w which need to be converted first. The line of the wires with bigger wire and add relay, but it seems that in rainy season it is lesser to see the brightness of the buld, now i change it to H4 all weather bulb 85/80w. It is not too yellow but it is a yellowish bright light, i can't tell if it really strong but i think it is good.

Old bulb:
Circuit 90/100w
Super White

New bulb
Osram 85/80w
All Weather

Acid Rain

Acid Rain is an pain in the ass in cleaning the mirror and for your vision at night. well one day i buy a glass cleaner, well hopefully it will be remove by applying to the windows and mirror but it didn't work. Then i realize that it will be much effective if i used a buffing machine. it really works but just make sure it won't mark the class it can be clean time and time then it will be lessen and gone after many times of use.

Spark plugs

What is Spark Plugs?
An electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed air and gasoline thru electric sparks came from the spark plugs.

How to tell spark plugs still ok?

• Must have some continues sparks
  
• The sparks must be blue to produce more efficiency
• The clearance of spark plug must not too wide and not too narrow maybe 1-2cm gap
• Clean the base by brush and sand paper not too rough not too smooth
• No continuous spark must be replace
• Not straight line spark or irregularities sparks line must be replace

RPM

What is RPM?
RPM means revs per minute, the cycle of rotation in the engines.

RPM also stand or showing the value of a cars power, it also show the amount of power that you produce when you press the accelerator of the car.

Some drivers depends on RPM gauge and some doesn't use this RPM gauge for some professional they can predict analyzed how powerful your car is depending in the sound of the engine and muffler or the sound characteristic and so fort. They even know what the right timing on changing gears while running slow or fast. For automatic cars it is common to have an constant rpm to change gears it always at 3000 RPM/min for manual it depends on your timing desire power to produce.

Battery Discharge

Battery Discharge it happens when the electrical circuit shorted or grounded. in case of battery discharge re check your car to the electrician and if the battery is not maintenance free go back where the battery been sold. and if the car doesn't start up try jump start so that it can run again and the alternator will charge the battery back to its own condition.

Prevent battery discharge it doesn't destroy the battery but it giving more effort to charge and also it have slight factor of battery life span.

Engine Oil

What is an Engine Oil or Motor Oil?
An liquid used for lubricating of various internal combustion engines while the main function is to lubricate the internal parts and the moving parts of an engine and it also cleans inhibits corrosion and improve sealing and cools the engines by carrying the heat.


There are three kinds of Oil Classification

• Mineral oil
• Semi synthetic
• Fully synthetic

Some oil varies in their number like 20w40 means at low temperature the oil can perform the quality of the oil up to 20 degrees and at high temperatures at 40 degrees.

Usually some maintenance begins at 5000km reading, 3months or 6 months depending how you used the car.

How about Oil levels?
Well in my car i am regulating oil level at half to 3/4 of the deep stick sometime slightly full, less oil would help the engine run fine putting a lot of oil can harm the engine oil seals and other components due to too much pressure.

My car's sound

Well i have an second hand car which is really stock or all original like what you can get at the factory or car dealer.

The car that we bought have an slight defective speakers which it have a sound but can't produce more bass due to the rubber between the housing and the inner part of speaker are busted or gone, well it almost 10 yrs old and due to heat and stock due to unused the rubber is destroyed.

I change my speaker to an 6 1/2 CROWN woofer that can produce 100w-200w max with an impedance of 8ohms and also have a big magnet. which are really different from my stock speaker that can produce 15W with an impedance of 6ohms. due to financial capacity i cant afford for a better performance speaker like PIONEER, SONY, JVC, JBL, ROCKPORT, and other leading brands of speakers.

Now we mounted it at the back of my car where my old speaker are mounted but the problem is the size speaker and the size of the mounted are not the same. We make a new plan to reinsert the new speaker where the old speaker are mounted. Due to hanging and not to secure placement of speaker i experience too much vibration, then i decide to have a new board at the back of the car or be fabricated to the back of my car so that the vibration would be lessen and it can enhance the sounds system. It become more louder that the stock back boarding can't perform a good quality of sounds and speaker.

Sunny Season

It is really nice to bring the car when it is sunny and when the car is newly cleaned from the body till the rubber of the wheel, putting a wax to let the car real shine bright. But every time i clean my car it always rain, well in my experience it always rain when i clean my car. How about you? Did you notice sometimes that every time it just been clean after a day or end of the day it rains? Our weather is really unpredictable, cleaning the car is one of the factor of maintenance of the car so that acid rains and other elements that can harm to the paint job and glass will be eliminated.

So clean your car every day or 3 times a week. if no time to clean go to the car wash and let them clean your car.

Putting an Spoiler

Nowadays spoiler are used for changing the looks of the car not based on the performance which spoiler can give.

Putting an spoiler, the trunk must be modified due to the downward force or upward force that the spoiler gathered, modifying the trunk will reinforce the frame of the trunk so that when spoiler gathered downward or upward force. the trunk won't have dents and become defective trunk door.

Windshield

What is Windshield?
It is a front window of an car or vehicle.

Windshield are made of laminated safety glass a type of glass which are consist of two typically curved sheets of glass with a plastic layer laminated between them and mount in front of the vehicle

Purpose of Windshield
Is to give protection from:

• Wind
• Temperature
• Debris
• Rocks
• some glass have UV coating

Car Wiper

What is wiper?
Is a device that used to wipe dirt and rain drops in the glass of the car.

Parts of Wiper

• Arm
• Blade

Arm
It can be short or long

Blade
It depend on the class of the car but mostly it can be equal size and sometimes left blade are longer than the right blade.

Wiper can be powered

• Air Powered
• Electric Motor
• Manifold Vacuum
• Cable Type

Type of Wiper

• Front car mirror
• Rear car mirror
• Head lights

Speaker Specification

Speaker

• Sub woofer
• Woofer
• Mid range
• Tweeter

Size
It varies in the housing of the speaker some speaker are 3 inch to 20 inch of size.

Rated Power
It specify the max power output of the speaker it is depend of the speaker design and purpose.

Impedance
Common speaker been sold was 4Ω and 8Ω but some speaker perform best at 2Ω.

Baffle
An enclosure of box to produce nice sound off bass.

Number of speaker

• Single
• Two way
• Three way
• Four way

It depends of the design of the speaker if they are many speaker are mounted or none.

Cross Over
A device which divide or put boundaries to the frequency of sounds.

Frequency Response
It can be measures thru decibel meter it can be + or - db readings.

Sound System

What is Speaker ?
It is an electromechanical transducer that converts signal to sound.

Kinds of Speaker

• Sub woofer
• Woofer
• Mid range
• Tweeter
  

Sub woofer
Is a woofer speaker used only for the lowest part of the audio spectrum typically below 100-120hz. The design of Sub woofer is usually simple consisting a single subwoofer enclosed in a suitable cabinet or enclosure so called baffle

Two kinds of sub woofer

• Active Sub woofer
• Passive Sub woofer

Active Sub woofer
Have an built in power amplifier and electronic filters

Passive sub woofer
Require separate external amplifiers

Woofer
Is a speaker that reproduce low frequencies. some baffle are build in woofer speakers which can perform like sub woofer speaker.

Mid range
A speaker which produce middle frequencies. this speaker can be made of paper or composite material. it is a cone shaped and it is mounted on the front of baffle of a speaker.

Tweeter
Is a speaker that produce high frequency.

Car Bumper

What is Car Bumper?
It is design to allow the car to sustain an impact without damage to the vehicle frame or safety system, but it will not withstand damage to high speed impact.

What Car Bumper made of?
Originally they are made of heavy steel but they evolve from heavy steel to thermo plastic or painted light metal

Now a days many people or youth prefer the After market bumper due to its appearance.

Spoiler

What is Spoiler?
A device whose design function is to spoil unfavorable air movement across the body of a vehicle in motion.

Advantage of spoiler
It can improved vehicle stability by decreasing lift which may cause unpredictable handling of the car at high speed

Spoiler can benefit or worsen the handling of the car, this device is design to lessen the effect of drag by generating lift or generate down force as air passed the vehicle.

How spoiler works?
Generally work by distributing or diffusing the air flow passing over and around a moving vehicle, this distribution primary purpose is to reduce amount of lift or instability naturally generated by the body of the vehicle or also called aerodynamics. The airflow are varies to the body panels or by adding extra attachment to the body.

In cars increasing contact between the tire and the road surface will increase traction which it allows the vehicle in motion to brake, turn , and accelerate with more stability.

Basically drag increase the speed of vehicle but some spoiler are effective at very low speed often excessive drag at high speed, spoiler works at high speed often ineffective while moving at low speed.

Car Alternator

What is Alternator?
Is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to alternating current electrical energy. most of the alternator are used by a rotating magnetic field but their linear alternator are occasionally used.

Why Car needs an Alternator?
They are used to charge the battery and to power the car electrical system when the engine is running.

Information for Alternator
Alternator have great advantage over the direct current generator, they are more stronger and can use smaller pulley to operate so it can turn twice as the engine run and improve output when engine is idle.

Alternator use a set of rectifiers to convert Alternating current to direct current. Usually alternator are being driven by belt from the engine crankshaft at it turns 2-3 times faster.

Now a days Alternator have a voltage regulators built into them. It been made to produce a constant voltage output. Newer cars alternator are linked in the vehicle on board computer system.

Large alternators device are being used on truck, buses, and other heavy equipment. They also have cooling system it can be in a form of water or oil.

Radiator

What is radiator?
A device that are design to transfer flowing heat in the medium and the main purpose is cooling the heat.

Radiator can be used in:

• Oil cooler
• Water Cooler
• Air Flow
  

How Radiator can be Clasiffied?
They are constructed of a pair of headers tanks, link by a honeycomb core. This core are usually made in stacked layers of metal sheet. Pressed to form channels and soldered or brazed together. Headers can be:

• Plastic core
• Aluminum Core

Coolant pumps
A pump are responsible for the flow of hot to the radiator.

Heater
A system valves that baffles or both is usually incorporated to simultaneously.

Temperature control for:

Water flow control
Engine temperature control are controlled by a wax pellet type of thermostat, A valve which opens one the engine reach its maximum operational temperature. When it is cold the thermostats will be closed and when it temperature raise the valve will open.

Airflow control
Heat loss came from the air. Vehicle speed can affect the temperature of the radiator, in rough proportion to the engine effort. Engines driven fans are often regulated by a viscous drive clutch from the drive belt. Drive belt slips when in low temperature. Electronic fans also used for Stationary or no movement the, Electronic fan helps to lessen the heat.

Coolant
It is an Fluids which help to liquid not to freeze during at very low temperature. "Coolant are not advisable in tropical country like Philippines".

Boiling or overheat
A medium which focus in the temperature of a certain object or automobiles. When not notice or forget the normal temperature of the car it can lead to engine damage and it will cost a lot.

Supplementary Radiators
Some radiators are used as water cooled system, oil cooled system, and air cooled system.

Lamp Color

Head light color
How a days car have new technology for the light it also have many variants of color to choose.

For Halogens

• Four type of head bulb
• Ordinary color
• Super white color
• Rainbow Color
• All weather

Ordinary
Halogen lightly yellowish light.

Super White
A bright high wattage bulb warp by an blue tint.

Rainbow
A combination of color to represent the color of rainbow.

All Weather
A yellow or yellowish color light which can use in any different climate


For HID
Their are lots of color to choose from

Super white
Yellowish
Blue
Violet
Purple
and Other color

Optical System

Lens Optic
A light source is placed at or near the focus of a reflector, which may be parabolic or non parabolic. Which the lens help to spread the light.

Parabolic
A circular conical surface and plane parallel to a generating straight line of the surface.

Reflector
A distribution of light from the bulb to optic lens and in the road. There are made of metal and glass.

Dual reflector
A reflector that design to use Low Beam or High Beam

Types of bulb size

• H1
• H2
  
• H3
• H4
• H7
• H8
• H9
• HB3
• HB4
• 501
• 233
• 207
• 286
• 9003
• 9004

Kinds of Light Source

• Tungsten light source
• Tungsten halogen light source
• Halogen
• HID
• LED

Tungsten Light Source
The first electric headlamp light source. it operates in a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere inside the headlamp bulb or seal beam.

Tungsten Halogen Light Source
Halogen technology which give more light than the tungsten.

Halogen
Is an incandescent lamp in which a tungsten filament is sealed into a compact transparent envelope with an inert gas and have a small amount of halogen such as iodine or bromine.

HID Light source
HID means High Intensity Discharge, the technical term for the electric arc that produces the light, HID are commonly called Xenon Head Lamps. The xenon gas allows the lamps to produce minimal adequate amounts of light immediately upon start up and speed the warm up time, This kind of bulb do not use on low voltage DC current so they are required to have ballast. The ballast control the current of the bulb, after the ballast start the DC flowing in the bulb is up to 85V

LED
Are being used in parking lamps, brake lamps, and turn signal. LED are under development since 2004

Head Lamp

What is Head Lamp?
Is a lamp usually attach to the front of the vehicle such as a car, with the purpose of illuminating the road ahead during periods of low visibility such as night or foggy climate.
I
t also called head light refers to the beam of the light produced and distributed by the device.

Kinds of Head Light

• Round
• Square
• Hidden lamps
• Aerodynamic shape "varies on the car design"

Note:
Common head light are Seal beam

Kinds of beam?

• Low Beam
• High Beam

Function of beams?

Low Beam
So called Dipped Beams or beam towards to the grounds. To provide safe forward visibility without excessive glare or backdazzle

High beam
Also called main beams, full beam, and driving beams. It can cause light straight ahead, maximizing seeing distance but produce more glare for safe use when other vehicle are present on the road.

Car Battery

What is battery?
It is a two or more electrochemical cells which store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy.

Size of Battery

• 1Sn
• 2sn
• 3sn

Battery fluid levels

Old battery uses lead antinomy would require regular check up of battery water loss due to electrolysis on each charging cycle.

If the electrolyte liquid level drops too low the plates are exposed to air, capacity and were are damaged. the surf uric acid in the battery normally does not require replacement since it is not consumed even on overcharging.

Charge and Discharge
Alternator the one who gives the power to the vehicles and recharge the battery.
Changing Battery in most moderate procediure grounding is provided by conneting the bofy of the ears tp the negative electrode of the battery

corrosion

At the battery terminals can prevent a car from starting. regulate battery service can prevent a car from the corrosion and clean the contact with brush or water." Be care full in cleaning air cleaner White powder is usually lead sulfate witch is toxic by inhalation ingestion and skin contact it can be corrosive in eye and throat "

Car Shocks Absorber

What is Shock Absorber?
Is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or dampen shocks impulse and energy, that must absorb or dissipate energy.

A pneumatic and hydraulic shocks absorbers commonly take the form of a cylinder with a sliding piston inside. the cylinder is filled with fluids it can be hydraulic fluid or air.

Dashpot is a fluid filled piston or cylinder.

What is the purpose of Shock Absorber?

• It reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to smooth ride and quality comfortability. without shocks the vehicle would have bounce. As the energy is stored in the spring and then the released to the to the shocks, possible exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement.
  

• A suspension with excessive movement with out shock absorber must have higher rate of springs which in turning give a harsh ride.

• A Shock Absorber allows the use of soft (Lower Rate spring) while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to dumps.

• Hysteresis in the tires itself, damp the motion of the unsprung weight up and down on the springiness of the tire, Since the tire are not as soft as the spring wheel bounce damping mat required stiffer shocks.

• Spring based Shock Absorber commonly use coil spring or leaf spring, though torsion bars can be used in torsional shocks as well.

Types of Shocks Absorber Approach?

• Hysteresis
• Dry friction
• Solid state
• Fluid friction
• Compression of Gas
  
• Magnetic effects
• Composite hydro pneumatic
  
• Conventional shocks
  

Hysteresis
Is like memory of the material if you press down rubber disk they will return to thier normal uncompressed states

Dry Friction
It is used in wheel breaks by using the disk

Solid states
Tapered chain shock absorber using one or more tapered alignment of granular spheres

Fluid friction
Used in hydraulics principles, an advantage of this shocks is that using special internal valving the absorber may be made relatively soft to compression allowing to soft response to a dump and relatively stiff to extension, controlling. Which is the vehicle response to energy stored in the spring.

Compression of Gas
A shock absorber which cab act like springs as the air pressure is building to resist the force on it. When air pressure reach maximum air the air dashpots will act like an hydraulic dashpots.

Magnetic effects
Dampers are dashpots that are constructed out of a large magnet inside of non magnetic, electrically conductive tube.

Composite hydro pneumatic
A combine in a single device spring action, shocks absorbs and often also ride height control.

Conventional shocks
Combined with composite pneumatic spring with which allow ride height adjustment or even ride height control, it improves handling and reduce aerodynamic drag by lowering the vehicle.


Types of Shocks

• GAS Shocks
• Liquid Shocks

Car Spring

What is coil Spring?
Also known as a helical spring, A mechanical device which typically used to store energy and subsequently release it then absorb by the shock and maintain the force between the contacting surface.

What are they made off?
They are made of an elastic material formed into a shape of helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded.

More Knowledge About Coil Spring

• Coil Spring are the foundation of car suspension system.
• Old Coil Spring Sags, and reduce height and ride comfort.
• Coil Spring can change handling characteristic of the car.
• It can give more grip and flatter cornering.

There types of Spring

• Compression Spring
• Leaf Spring

Compression spring
You can identify it in front and rear of the car where the shocks are located.

Leaf Spring
You can identify it at the Rear part of the Trucs, SUV, AUV, and Pick-Ups.

Tires Size

What is Tires?
Are a ring shape parts either pneumatic or solid it includes rubbers metals and plastic composites that fit around the wheels or rims to protect them and enhance their effect.

What is Pneumatic Tires?
It is used in many types of vehicle, it enables the vehicles of the tire for performance by providing traction, braking, steering, and load support. The tires form a flexible cushion between the vehicle and the road which smooths the drive and comfortable ride.

Tires Sizes depends on:

• Tread
• Profile
• Diameter

Tread
It refers to the rubber on its circumference that makes contact with the road. The purpose of providing traction or handling to the car.

Profile
It refers to the outermost shape, view, or edge of the tires.

Diameter
Is a straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and the endpoints are on the circle. Also the longest chords of the circle.

Tire Size Example

185/65/14
It means 185 its the width of the the tread its value starts at 145-335 / 65 means the profile it can be High, Medium, and Low profiles its value starts at 25-85 / diameter its the size of the Rims or mags its value starts at 12-23 inch

ALL VALUES ARE SEPARATED BY 5

Types of Tire Grip

• AT "All Terrain" Tires
• MT "Max Terrain" Tires
• Slick Tires

AT
For all around use, with moderate tread used in everyday driving in rain and shine environment

MT
For off roads, who have big teeth or bigger tread.

Slick
Used in Formula racing or motor sport, No tread at all or pure rubber for better and high performance traction to the road.

Air Filters

What is Air Filter?
It is a device to which Filters solid particles like dust, pollen, mold and bacteria from air. it is a device which been used in engines and in other machine that need to produce clean air.

What is the purpose of Air Filter in our Cars?
Gasoline Engine needs air to burn fuel and Diesel Engine need air to compress air to produce heat.

Cabin Air filter
A typical pleated paper filter that is placed in the outside air intake of the cars. Clogged or dirty air filters can significantly reduce air flow from the cabin vents as well as introduce allergens into the cabin air system.


Internal Combustion Air filters
A filter which prevents abrasive particle matter from entering the engine's cylinders, where it would cause mechanical wear and oil contamination.

For Fuel injected vehicle:A pleated paper filter element in the form of a flat panel which is placed inside the plastic box connected to the throttle body with an intake tube.

For Carburetors
Used an cylindrical or round air filters. This is position in top of the carburetors and usually it is made of metal or plastic container.

Types of Air filter materials

Paper
Paper filter elements are nearly exclusive choice for engine air filters, because they are efficient, easy to change and cost effective.

Foam
Oil based polyurethane foam elements are used in some after market air filters. Foam was widely used filter in small engines and other equipment. Foam filter can offer minimal airflow restriction and very high in dirt capacity, but a popular choice for motor sport and off road rally where high level dust will encounter.

Cotton
Oil cotton gauze are small number of after market air filters as high performance items.

Oil bath
It is a round base bowl containing a pool of oil and round insert which is filled of fiber, mesh, foam and another coarse filter media. oil bath air filters are very used in small engines application. but the maintenance of the air filter is messy due to oil and dirt.

Muffler

What is muffler?
Is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by the machine.

There two kinds of mufflers

• Chambered mufflers
• Straight thru mufflers

What is the part of Mufflers in the car?
Headers
A switching Exhaust manifold to exhaust headers that will decrease the amount of back pressure and in turn it increase the high end power of an engine. the pipe will merge and collect the flow into a larger pipe or called down pipe. Exhaust headers can be tuned and modified to perform best at specific RPM ranges. Stock Exhaust manifold usually made of cast iron na d can be restrictive. Headers can be Ceramic coated to reduce Heat radiated in the engine compartment and to increase the temperature of the pipes which increase the velocity of the exhaust gases.


Four kinds of Headers

• 4-2-1 headers it means 4 pipes merge into 2 and merge into 1

• 4-1 headers it means 4 pipes merge directly into 1

• Short headers means each exhaust pipe travels the shortest distance from the exhaust port to muffler.

• Equal length headers means exhaust pipe is in the same length from exhaust port to muffler

Catalytic converters
It is to reduce the emission of the exhaust and it create back pressure. modern cars have 1-3 psi of back pressure installing an high flow catalytic converter can replace the standard units to lower the back pressure


Glass packs or fiberglass
Used inside the muffler to have good sound insulation. This kind of mufflers decrease back pressure and decibel level maintained.

Silencers
A series of concentric pipes around the exhaust pipe. the concentric pipes allow sounds to travel into then and cause the sound waves to bounce off closed, flat, ends of the pipe. the sound waves collide after it bounce the reason for the sound to be canceled

Resonators
Are section of the exhaust pipe that expand to the larger diameter and allow the sound waves to reflect the walls and canceled out

Exhaust pipe
Is there all the pressure will go out. this the muffler you see at the back of a car

Performance
Free flowing exhaust system may maximize Horsepower which need toe straight thru, putting free flowing exhaust can affect at low end torque "but cared design from force induction engines are not affected to this low end torque".

Strut bar

There are two kind of strut bar it can be

• 2 point
  
• 3 point
• 4 point
  

It also have two different location.

• Front
  
• Rear

But most of the car have their Strut Bar in Front only few have Strut Bar at the Rear like the Honda EK9

Strut Bar or Strut brace is design to reduce this Strut Tower flex by tying two parallel Strut Towers together. This transmits the load of each Strut Tower during cornering via tension and compression of the Strut Bar which share the load of both towers and reduce chassis flex.

Strut Tower where the spring and shock are located at the side of the engine bay

Also this kind of accessories have different kind of labels and tag but over all they are just the same in use and performance.

Choosing a rim for your car

What is Rim?
A circular metal structure around which a wheel tire is fitted.

What is Alloy Rim?
So called mags. It is a homogeneous mixture or solid solution of two or more metals , the atoms of one replacing or occupying positions between atoms of the other.

How to choose the right size?
Well choosing a size is depend on you, how you like size either small or big. Mags Size variants it have 13 inch, 14 inch, 15 inch, 16 inch, 17 inch, 18 inch, 19 inch, and 20 inch of diameter 13 is the smallest and 20 is the biggest diameter. Well it also have the width it have an variants of 5inch, 5.5inch, 6 inch, 6.5 inch, 7 inch, and 7.5 inch.

What is offset?
This is the distance of the hub and the center of the rims or mags.
If the offset is:

• Zero the hub mounting is in the centerline of the wheel.
• Positive this is the new design for new car, the hub is toward the front or wheel side of the wheel.
• Negative the hub mounting is towards the back of the wheel.

What is Number of Stud?
Its the number of holes that can fit to your car common cars have 4 holes and 5 holes, other cars have 6 holes, 8 holes, and 10 holes.

What is PCD?
It is the distance of the holes in the hub of the rims or mags common in 4 holes have PCD 100 and 5 holes have PCD 110

Gasoline vs Diesel

What is the difference of this Two Engine?

• GASOLINE

1. It is built in Four stroke combustion cycle
2. Engine required spark to generate energy
3. Requires high octane gasoline
4. High speed performance
5. Have higher RPM
6. Have Low Torque High speed
   
7. Expensive worth of fuel
8. Low maintenance to engine
9. Lower rate of engine trouble
   
10. Cleaner engine
    
11. cheaper change oil
12. it is common to cars or light weight vehicle
13. can choose FR(forward rear) and FF(forward front) drive
14. engine runs silently
15. lower chance of fail on smoke emission test
16. high fuel consumption on traffic or stationary "it depends on the IDLE RPM"

• DIESEL

1. It is built in Four stroke combustion cycle
2. Engine required Air and Compression and inject into the chamber
3. Requires low octane Fuel like Diesel
4. Low speed performance
5. Not too high RPM
6. Have High Torque Low speed
7. less expensive worth of fuel
8. High maintenance to engine
9. higher rate of engine trouble
10. Dirty engine
    
11. change oil higher than gasoline engine
12. it is common to bus, trucks, semi tractors and large vehicles
    
13. FR(forward rear) only
14. engine runs loudly
15. high rate on failing smoke emission test when not maintain change oil properly
16. low fuel consumption on traffic or stationary "it depends on the IDLE RPM"

Tips on buying a car "second hand"

In choosing a car you must identify which you really like

1. Identify if you like gasoline engine or diesel engine.
2. After choosing which kind of engine you like. select brand of the car you like. "Example Honda"
3. After choosing a car brand choose what kind of model you really like. "Example Honda City"
4. After choosing a car model now you need to choose what kind of engine displacement you like "Example 1.3L engine"
5. After choosing engine displacement you will need to choose either its automatic or manual transmission
   
6. After choosing the transmission you will now check everything starting in engine, body, interior and accessories:
   

Check for:

• Leaks.
• Engine sound.
• Engine belts included timing belt.
• Dents.
• Body color of the car.
• Sound of the thin metal in the whole body.
• Front and back seats.
• Window "if tinted".
• Dashboard and control panel.
• Leaks or wet surface in front and rear shocks.
• Engine no. body no. if similar to the documents.
• Electronic such as "headlight, park light, signal light, hazard, alarm system, and sound system".
• Documents for deed of sale and other document for transfer.

7. After checking all the needed to be check in the car, now check your budget if the car you like will fit to your budget.

Tips on choosing a Car

In choosing a car you must identify which you really like

1. Identify if you like gasoline engine or diesel engine.
2. After choosing which kind of engine you like. select brand of the car you like. "Example Honda"
3. After choosing a car brand choose what kind of model you really like. "Example Honda City"
4. After choosing a car model now you need to choose what kind of engine displacement you like "Example 1.3L engine"
5. After choosing engine displacement you will need to choose either its automatic or manual transmission
   
6. After choosing the transmission you will now choose what kind of accessories you like in your car. "Example CD player, all power steering, window and locks, and alarm."
7. After choosing the accessories now you will choose which color you really like in your car
8. After choosing the color now they will now calculate how much is your preferred car really cost. "This steps is for brand new"
   

Common Private Transportation on the Philippines

Honda cars:

Due to financial crisis common people buy this kind of car because of its performance and fuel economy and the engine is smaller good for city driving. like Honda City they have variants of engine like 1.3L and 1.5L . and have I-DSi technologies according to Honda "Honda‘s intelligent Dual & Sequential Ignition (i-DSI) engine is the second i-Series engine, next to i-VTEC, that employs compact combustion chambers and two spark plugs per cylinder with individually controlled ignition timing for more rapid and complete combustion. Achieving best in its class high fuel economy, this new generation engine was developed exclusively for compact vehicles." . In Honda jazz they also have variants of engines like 1.3L and 1.5L and they are VTEC engines according to Honda "It was a laborious process, one bordering on the mythical, but more than a decade ago, Honda shattered the engine myth when it combined high power, high responsiveness and high fuel economy into one functional engine design. The world has come to know this engine genius as VTEC or Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control.".In civic they also have variety of engines but it slighter larger than the city and jazz, civic have engine variants 1.8L and 2.0L but the have a new VTEC technology to make the car efficient according to Honda the new VTEC tecnology is "With the new i-VTEC engine, intake valve closure timing is delayed to control the intake volume of the air-fuel mixture, allowing the throttle valve to remain wide open even under low-load conditions. This translates to a major reduction in pumping losses. Combined with comprehensive friction-reducing measures, this results in a significant increase in fuel efficiency for the engine. Even better, this new engine genius is lighter, shorter and quieter.". Well based on my experience with some of the drivers of Honda it really fuel efficient especially when you know how to conserve gas and drive style.



Toyota Cars:

Well Toyota cars really one of the oldest car company in the Philippines that's why parts and some accessories are cheaper than Honda and other brands. even its cheaper it still reliable. Nowadays Toyota cars evolve to more fuel efficient engine on cheaper price . they install the technology in all of the class of their cars like the VVT-i technologies according to Toyota "Engine technology is one of Toyota's greatest assets. Toyota's award-winning engine range reflects the high design and quality standards set by its engineers. All Toyota engines are developed for performance and responsiveness with a big focus on reducing emissions and saving fuel. So today Toyota can pass on these benefits to customers with the Advanced variable valve technology VVT-i and VVTL-i petrol engines". Toyota also said about VVT-i "By adjusting the overlap time between the exhaust valve closing and intake valve opening, the engine characteristics can be changed to provide instant engine torque across the entire rev range. This gives the best of both worlds: Powerful acceleration and superior fuel economy. In addition, more complete fuel burn at a higher combustion temperatures leads to fewer emissions." . and about to VVTL-i Toyota said "Toyota's VVTL-i technology (a sport-focussed development of the VVT-i engines) cleverly adjust the timing of the intake valves. whilst varying the amount of lift of both intake and exhaust valves, to allow increased engine performance at high revs. and despite its impresive power, the VVTL-i engines still offers refined and economical motoring.". Nowadays corolla altis have two variants of engines 1.6L and 1.8L, for the past years they offer 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6 on Corollas. Now 1.3 engines can be found on their new model Toyota Vios which have 1.3 and 1.5 engines and also they have new model design for 1.5 engines the Toyota Yaris. All of this model have new Toyota's technologies. As a driver of corolla i believe its really efficient on fuel especially new model like the Vios, yaris and altis.
Mazda cars:

well this old model of Mazda i don't know their technologies but one thing for sure that all 1.6 engine of Mazda are all EFI Electronic Fuel Injected. and all 1.3 and 1.4 engines are carburetors. This car is my last car of choice, because of the parts of Mazda in the Philippines.

Mitsubishi cars:

hmm..... well i like Mitsubishi but i don't know also their technology, but i know that Mitsubishi motors developed their cars from rally art. Even you will notice that their cars are similar to the LAN EVO "LANCER EVOLUTION" the difference is their engine displacement and some parts accessories of the cars but overall they are similar. like the Mazda all variants 1.3L and 1.5L engine are carburetors and all 1.6L engine and 1.8L engine are EFI. My brother in law is a user of old model of lancer el which is 1.3L and based on his experience his car still works and still fuel efficient.


Nissan cars:

one of the expensive maintenance car but the coolest air condition system. well Nissan have nice and good performance after all even it too expensive to maintain. It have variants engine of 1.3L 1.5L and 1.7L also it have the new technology of Nissan the variable valve timing and the 4 wheel breaking system we also called it ABS. Nissan said that "Variable Valve Timing
The Nissan Variable Valve Timing Control electronically measures throttle position, vehicle speed and engine rpm, and adjusts the exact moment the valves inhale. The result is optimal engine performance and economy whether you're looking for torque off the line or some high-end horsepower. And, the valve timing system makes these adjustments continuously, for more power and up-to-the-millisecond performance.". and also they said that "4-wheel Disc Brakes You'll find disc brakes at all four corners of a Sentra, with big, discs up front. They're vented to dissipate performance-robbing heat for improved stopping action, less fade and longer brake life.". well safety reliability it really depends on the driver don't be reckless you will be just fine.

Last Scooters and motorcycle:

This type of transportation really clicks in the Philippines.WHY? Traffic wise, fuel efficient, the technology nowadays are similar with the cars they are now four stroke with SOHC or DOHC the gas consumption depending on driving condition. even the maintenance of this is much cheaper because its smaller and less maintenance. even I have XRM my fuel efficency in normal run is 50km/L on stock basis on modified the 33km/L even you hit the accelerator Full throttle.

Top 10 Favorite CARS

1. Nissan Skyline GTR 34 class

2. Mitsubishi Lan Evo 7

3. Mitsubishi Lan Evo 9
4. Subaru Impreza STI

5. Porsche 911

6. Ferrari 550 maranello

7. Mazda rx-7

8. Toyota MR2

9. original Hummer


10.Mclaren F1